The history of nursing in India is a journey that transitions from ancient spiritual traditions to a highly structured, modern medical profession. While roots of nursing are embedded in Vedas, professional framework we recognize today was largely shaped by colonial influence and tireless work of pioneers.
1. Ancient Origins: Vedic Era
Long before advent of modern medicine, nursing was a recognized component of Indian healthcare system. Ancient texts like Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita (dating back to 600 BC – 200 AD) described qualities of a good nurse.
During this period, nurses were primarily men or elderly women who were:
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Knowledgeable: Familiar with preparation of medicines.
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Skilled: Competent in basic patient care and hygiene.
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Devoted: Known for their loyalty and purity of mind.
Nursing was viewed as one of four pillars of treatment, alongside physician, drug, and patient.
2. Influence of Buddhism and Early Hospitals
The spread of Buddhism in India saw a significant rise in organized healthcare. King Ashoka (272–232 BC) is credited with establishing some of earliest public hospitals in history. These institutions emphasized compassion and care for both humans and animals, further cementing role of the caregiver in Indian society.
3. The Colonial Shift: 17th to 19th Century
The modern, westernized version of nursing in India began with arrival of European powers.
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Military Beginnings: In 1664, East India Company started a small hospital in Fort St. George, Madras (Chennai), primarily for soldiers. Nursing care was initially provided by male orderlies or wives of soldiers.
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Florence Nightingale’s Impact: Following the Crimean War, Nightingale turned her attention to sanitary conditions in India. She advocate for better hygiene and organized nursing training within British Indian Army and civilian hospitals.
4. Formalization of Training (Late 1800s)
The late 19th century marked shift from caregiving to a formal profession.
| Milestone | Description |
| 1867 | St. Stephens Hospital in Delhi became first to start training Indian women as nurses. |
| 1871 | First government-sanctioned nursing school was established at Government General Hospital, Madras. |
| Missionary Influence | Christian missionaries played a pivotal role in establishing nursing schools across country, encouraging Indian women to enter field despite social stigmas. |
5. Professional Organization and Independence
As 20th century begin need for standardization became apparent.
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TNAI (1908): Trained Nurses Association of India was formed to uphold dignity and rights of nurses.
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Indian Nursing Council (1947): Established after independence, this statutory body was created to regulate nursing education and ensure uniform standards across country.
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Academic Advancement: In 1946, first college-level nursing programs (B.Sc. Nursing) were established at RAK College of Nursing in Delhi and CMC Vellore.
6. Challenges and Evolution
Historically, profession faced hurdles such as low social status and gender biases. However, dedication of Indian nurses during world wars, epidemics, and the post-independence era transformed public perception. Today, India is one of largest exporters of nursing talent globally, with its professionals recognized for their clinical expertise and resilience.
Summary
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Ancient Era: Spiritual and holistic care by men and elders.
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Colonial Era: Introduction of clinical standards and military nursing.
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Modern Era: Academic excellence, specialization, and global leadership.